This is one of those popular learning models given by Kolb in the year 1984 in his famous book: "Experimental Learning: Experience as the source of learning and development." Till date, this is considered as an effective approach among the top learning practices, which include: visual, auditory, reading/writing, and kinesthetic. With the help of the learning style, learners can enable learning to be oriented according to the preferred method. They can solve problems and make decisions by finding solutions to questions and problems. the trainer guides the group into the process Accommodating thinkers: Thinkers who are accommodating respond well to active exploration, inspiration, and intuition rather than a rational and orderly approach. reflection as part of a wider set of processes in which the learner (in this case, the educator Your email address will not be published. We assume there are eight reasons why the future of learning is experiential learning. Check your work against plagiarism & get a free Plagiarism report! Effective learning is seen when a person progresses through a cycle of four stages: of (1) having a concrete experience followed by (2) observation of and reflection on that experience which leads to (3) the formation of abstract concepts (analysis) and generalizations (conclusions) which are then (4) used to test a hypothesis in future situations, resulting in new experiences. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. They will be more interested in the logic of a theory than its practical application. For example, they are societal, gender-based, etc. Assimilation: Start by reading a book that explains effective practices in coaching, such as the GROW Model. Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. (2008). The experiential approach is learner-centered and allows the individual participants to manage and share responsibility for their learning with their trainer. another reflection-centric approach for it to be meaningful. The strategy requires teachers to employ more tools than merely exposing their knowledge to students. experimentation. Kolbs learning theory gives pupils several opportunities to choose their preferred learning style. That said, everyone responds to and needs the stimulus of all types of learning styles to one extent or another - it's a matter of using emphasis that fits best with the given situation and a person's learning style preferences. might be derived from, or stimulated by the first two phases of the cycle. Kolbs reflective cycle has four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. Chickering 3357). They are concrete learning, reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation and active experimentation. This is the learning style that deals with watching and thinking. What more general meaning does this have for you? Experiencing things is one of its core theories of the Kolb's. We have the best academic experts who can help you clear your doubts or provide you the kolb reflective cycle reference. going through the cycle results in the formation of increasingly complex and abstract mental Kolb states that his process of experiential learning includes four steps: Concrete Experience, Reflective Observation, Abstract Conceptualization and Active Experimentation . After this step, the process once again cycles back to the first stage of the experiential process. David Kolb's approach to reflection takes a somewhat different approach in some ways, as it sites The learning cycle may be used also in partnership with other schemas of Kolb's, on Assignments, Dissertations & Coursework, Copyright 2023 @ Assignmentdesk.co.uk. No plagiarism, guaranteed! What knowledge, my own or others can help me understand the situation? the background and needs of the specific groups. Do your future self a favor and check out our course designed to help you achieve exactly that. The Four Steps in Kolb CycleBy Izhaki In OmniGraffle (CC BY 3.0) via Commons Wikimedia. Advantages. All of this can support the making of fresh meaning from the concrete individuals within the group may not approach the learning process in such a Much of Kolb's theory is concerned with the learner's internal cognitive processes. on Provides a safe learning environment. Originally hailing from Dublin, Denis has always been interested in all things business and started EPM in 2009. suggests the possibility of alternatives, and helps mark them off from more established For example, students entering management fields had a more accommodative style, while those pursuing mathematics degrees had a more assimilative approach. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. People who prefer this learning style enjoy ideas and theories and enjoy using their knowledge to solve practical problems. Kolb's Experiential Learning Cycle now forms the heart of many training and learning events. Kolb's cycle takes its insight into learning processes from experiential cognition, and it is, to some part, an offspring of the work of theorists such as Lewin, Piaget, and Freire. David Kolb published this reflective cycle in 1984. Kolb, D.A. Pros and Cons of Experiential Learning. Gibbs reflective cycle provides a structure to learning from experiences. that experience. Learning must be done rather than simply contemplated; this new tangible experience is essential for learning to become ingrained. 2. 5. 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. There can be a focus on technical or technological subjects, and There are several different learning models, but students think about why we should use Kolb's model and what is so special about it. Only actual live experience gives the learner the complete picture. Each learning style represents a combination of two preferred styles. In one 1973 survey of students, Kolb and Goldman found that there was a correlation between student learning styles and their chosen departmental major.. This is also known as experimental learning. Kolbs reflective cycle is a model that highlights the importance of the reflective component in an experiential learning cycle based on four stages. Because of this, people understand what they could do well in the future as well. However, unlike the assimilating style, they like to apply their knowledge in a hands-on way to solve practical problems. Reflective Observation: You invite your team to talk about and share what they learned from their coaching experience. Minute Tools Content Team, Kolbs Learning Cycle, Minute Tools, Oct, 2020 https://expertprogrammanagement.com/2020/10/kolbs-learning-cycle/. Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved. it shows how dramatically recall declines when people are only told something. Source: "Experiential Learning Model", David Kolb (1984) Every learner will score differently on these two important dimensions of learning: The diverging . People with this learning style have dominant abilities in the areas of Abstract Conceptualization and Active Experimentation. [], The Theory of Planned Behavior shows the various factors that can influence our behavior. Insight may also be taken from colleagues, peers, from one's own previous history, and Which technique you choose Active Experimentation: You employ an expert coach to mentor each of your team members as they consider coaching others. 232255). People with a converging learning style can solve problems and will use their learning to find solutions to practical issues. This is the third learning style that works by doing and thinking. The active experimentation phase of Kolb's cycle is where the hypotheses generated in the previous This is one of the most strong and important learning theories of our time. York: Wiley. It also involves adaptivity to change. The hypotheses developed in the preceding element are tested during the active experimental phase of Kolbs cycle. Also Read:Why Is Nursing More Than a Profession? Theory of Kolb's Learning Cycle The learning styles described by Kolb are based on two major dimensions: active/reflective and abstract/concrete. Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Kolbs reflective cycle has four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. We are motivated to make sense of our experiences and better grasp the links between them and our larger environment during the abstract conceptualization phase of the cycle. Another way to think about this stage is that youre fitting what youve just learned into everything you already know so that it all makes sense together. Kurt Lewin change cycle. The recognition that learners have different learning styles is useful, but it can be difficult for a trainer to accommodate a range of learning techniques in a group situation. . Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. from parallel experiences. most notably the definitions of four styles of learning which he developed alongside the cycle. This 5-week course will teach you everything you need to know to set up and then scale a small, part-time business that will be profitable regardless of whats happening in the economy. They are sensitive. Writingservice.net is a service that assists students in completing college projects and writing papers on a variety of topics. their working processes as they move through different stages of engagement with an event, occurrence, Interactive Learning Environments,28(8), 1064-1077. Table 1. Professional Academic Help at Pocket-Friendly Prices! It was originally developed by American psychologist David Kolb in 1984. Gibbs' reflective cycle has six stages: description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan Kolb reflective cycle and Gibbs reflective cycle are used in learning situations. Pushing back at people to help make their thinking more rigorous, Relating the conclusions reached and integrating them into a theoretical model, Making sure, within reasonable time boundaries, that everyone who wishes to share a significant insight is given a chance to contribute, Helping the group compare and contrast different conclusions, identifying patterns where they exist, and identifying legitimate areas of disagreement, Individual work to develop a thoughtful action plan which puts thought into action, Participants review each others plans and assist in formulating ideas for action, Parts of individual action plans are shared with the whole group in order to create a sense of joint effort, Additional learning needs are identified by participants. The four types of learners based on Kolb' learning style model Types of learning styles Description She is interested in languages and is an experienced teacher of English. So all your questions will be answered here. Above stated are the four different Kolb reflective cycle learning styles that every student should know. All the opinions are created based on the feelings and thoughts of the learners. This is a way of showing people to learn from their situations. (Active They are description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan. with making sense of theory and abstract concepts. 1. design and as such are asserted rather than 'proved' in any meaningful way. You must do it yourself for learning to occur. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. Doing, in this instance, includes a range of Thus, they are not spoon-fed, nor are they led to be dependent on experts. According to Morriss (2020) research, many instructors or educators do not regard the conventional manner of teaching, such as reading books, giving lectures, and so on, to be a tangible experience or a component of experiential learning. very important during each phase of the cycle. theoretical approaches. People high on extraversion and active experimentation tend to be doers, while those high on introversion and reflective observation tend to be watchers. existing knowledge. In the abstract conceptualisation phase of the cycle, we are prompted to make sense of our Graham Gibbs created the Gibbs reflective cycle to provide structure to learning from experiences. This is the first stage, where the learner showcases their involvement with other people in everyday situations. Thus, there are two ways you can use Kolbs learning cycle to improve the performance of your team: Experiential learning is a four-stage, continuous process that describes how people learn by doing. cycle in which the participants form conclusions and generalizations which Overview and Key Difference In addition, with the trainers assistance, they try to link In the other three stages they review, analyse and evaluate this activity: Process: Reflective observation: reviewing/reflecting on the experience. But one of them which is Kolb's reflective cycle. in the cycle as outlined by Kolb may be artificial, and not mirror actual experiences where multiple The first dimension is whether you prefer active experimentation (doing) or reflective observation (watching). Hero Images / Digital Vision / Getty Images. So feel free to understand the complete process of learning cycle by consulting academic experts. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. function Gsitesearch(curobj){curobj.q.value="site:"+domainroot+" "+curobj.qfront.value}. There assimilators like to take time to think through the relative merits of different positions, and can We Psychologist David Kolb first outlined his theory of learning styles in 1984. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. In this stage, a learner avoids the systematic approach to the situations and the problems. 1). The cycle comprises four different stages of learning from experience. Convergent thinkers: Convergers are adept at problem-solving, and in technical operations, Furthermore, it enables individuals to become more adaptable and to meet the different needs of learning environments. Accommodating: To begin, join in and try to train someone, learning as they go. Learners with the converging learning style can solve problems and use their learning to find solutions to practical issues. Also Read:What To Mention In Your Nursing Assignment To Make It Perfect? Kolb states that learning involves the acquisition of abstract concepts that can be applied flexibly in a range of situations. In Kolbs theory, the impetus for the development of new concepts is provided by new experiences. People with a converging style like to experiment with new ideas, to simulate, and to work with practical applications. In order for this model to be The cycle Also, Kolb describes four dominant learning styles which are always a combination of two learning preferences on two dimensions: "Feeling versus thinking" and "watching versus doing". Kolb's model (1984) takes things a step further. Learning styles: Concepts and evidence. Various factors influence a person's preferred style. For example, social environment, educational experiences, or the basic cognitive structure of the individual. *You can also browse our support articles here >, Divergent thinkers: Divergent thinkers are able to assimilate ideas from a spectrum of sources and Also, individuals can be helped to learn more effectively by the identification of their lesser preferred learning styles and the strengthening of these through the application of the experiential learning cycle. To this extent, then, the experiential Choose a writer for your task among hundreds of professionals, We don't support landscape mode yet. Accelerates Learning. experience. Heres how you could first approach learning to become a coach depending on preferred learning style according to Kolbs learning cycle: Lets take a look at some of the pros and cons of Kolbs learning cycle. Gibbs reflective cycle has six stages: description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. Because the teacher is no longer broadcasting their knowledge, they need to know their students already to tailor the training to them. Kolb's experiential learning theory works on two levels: a four-stage cycle of learning and four separate learning styles. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Processes related to reviewing what has been done, the effectiveness of the Shereen Lehman, MS, is a healthcare journalist and fact checker. Tools to help you achieve reflective observation include: giving your observations and being asking questions, such as how could what youve just done be applied to a different circumstance. How can we make use of Kolbs learning cycle in the workplace to improve our skills or those of our team? Therefore, no one stage of the cycle is effective as a learning procedure on its own. (2017, October 24). These individuals require a good, clear explanation as opposed to a useful opportunity. Feelings and thoughts about the experience, Evaluation of the experience, both good and bad, Conclusion about what a person learned and what he could have done differently, Action plan for how a person would deal with similar situations in the future, or general changes that he might find suitable. The second stage involves reflective observation, which means taking a step back from the act of doing to look at the bigger picture and review what you have experienced. altogether. Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development (Vol. attitudinal (cognitive and affective) reactions to the activities in which they There are many adaptations and uses of the model. Kolb's model works on this concept to provide ease to students. undertaken during the experience phase, and share their reactions in a structured [], Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, also known as Maslows Theory of Human Motivation, is a popular motivational theory explaining that as [], The Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation is a way to explain motivation. part of the cycle. linear fashion, which is perfectly legitimate. Divergers dominant abilities lie in the areas of Concrete Experience and Reflective Observation, essentially the opposite strengths of the Converger. Kolb states that learning involves the acquisition of abstract concepts that can be applied flexibly in a range of situations. The model provides a blend of traditional teaching plus hands-on learning. watching a demonstration video) is not enough to fully appreciate the situation, event, or skill being Kolb, D. A., & Fry, R. (1975). 7. Summary Kolb and Gibbs Reflective Cycle. Accommodating thinkers: Accommodators respond well to active experimentation, to inspiration and to Use it to develop essays around reflection and reflective practices. have engaged. This is called The Kolb Cycle. 1 The Converger People with this learning style have dominant abilities in the areas of Abstract Conceptualization and Active Experimentation. They prefer to watch rather than do, tending to gather information and use imagination to solve problems. Gibbs Reflective Cycle. The University of Edinburgh, 11 Nov. 1970. Conceptualisation) stage is the part of the experiential learning With the help of the reflective cycle kolb, the divided stages of the learning styles, students can differentiate all of them. So in simple words, this is one of the models of reflection. This doesnt mean that they dont use logical information, just that they dont perform the logical analysis themselves, preferring to rely on the findings of others. They are best at viewing concrete situations from several different viewpoints. style on recall and retention, a group of people were divided randomly into Artists, musicians, counselors, and people with a strong interest in the fine arts, humanities, and liberal arts tend to have this learning style. Using the logical sequence, an individual can also enter the learning cycle at every step. Kolbs learning cycle is experiential in the sense that it emphasizes the importance of experience in learning. from them. 1. Still need clarification or are unable to complete your academic task and avail of our writing services. The Pygmalion Effect gets its name [], The train-the-trainer model is used to train trainers or subject matter experts so that they can then teach others effectively. This is quite clear that the divided stages make it easy to differentiate Kolb's learning styles. The learning styles described by Kolb are based on two major dimensions: active/reflective and abstract/concrete.. If I had to do the same thing again, what would I do differently. For You will sometimes see the east-west called the Processing Continuum (referring to how we approach a task). explained, looks very clear, its practical application is not always as clear. Abstract Conceptualization - reflection gives rise to a new idea, or a modification of an existing abstract concept (the person has learned from their experience). The COIN feedback model is a four-step template for giving positive and constructive feedback. the experience becomes a way to test the theory or try out the skills implied David A. Kolb on Experiential Learning. They prefer to watch rather than do, and prefer to collect information and then use their imagination to solve problems. | A Brief Overview, Distinct Learning Styles of Kolbs Reflective Cycle, Experts' Guidance on Kolb's Reflective Cycle. They prefer to use their gut instincts rather than performing a detailed logical analysis. Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms, The key difference between Kolb and Gibbs reflective cycle is their stages. In the next step, the learner forms abstract concepts and generalizations based on their hypothesis. and answer session after a lecture, or a role play or case study by itself New Experiential learning is exactly what the name implies learning from experience. Kolb's learning cycle is where the learners understand the situations and the ideas from a different points of view. 2. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: We've received widespread press coverage This is one of the most robust and influential learning theories in the current modern era. Required fields are marked *. Here is how you might approach each of the four stages of the learning cycle. Rather than delivering a lecture-style form of training, Kolbs learning cycle involves active participation that guides learners through the experiential learning cycle. In some ways, David Kolbs approach to reflection differs in that it places reflection within a larger set of procedures wherein the learner (in this case, the instructor reflecting on their profession as part of their professional growth) attempts to understand their methodologies as they move through different phases of interaction with an incident, occurrence, or training course and take on relevant features of the new material. learning to take place. Abstract ConceptualisationConceptualisation (Thinking). When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. They prefer to learn by reading, taking lectures, and having the time to think things through. As a result, this theory has played a significant role in incorporating learning processes into classroom learning activities. Know why students should use the Kolb reflective model for learning. Concrete experience means that its not enough to watch someone else do it or read about it. Smith MK. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher in nursing or healthcare? educational experience for the group. This final stage happens when you consider how you will put what you have learned into practice. rather than the model being purely concerned with reflection. The experiential learning cycle provides an alternative to this by enabling you to actively engage those youre teaching. Model provides a structure to learning from experiences workplace to improve our skills or those of our writing.... The Converger a range of situations to use their imagination to solve problems useful opportunity train,..., Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE the heart of many training and learning events the complete.. To employ more Tools than merely exposing their knowledge, my own or others can help me understand complete! Reading a book that explains effective practices in coaching, such as the Source of learning and four separate styles! Learning as they go and thinking 2008 ) the first stage, the. Their imagination to solve practical problems training and learning events the impetus the! Situations from several different viewpoints be oriented according to the preferred method to! The training to them avoids the systematic approach to the preferred method constructive! More general meaning does this have for you learned into practice Processing Continuum ( to... Most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the workplace to improve our or... ( referring to how we approach a task ) it Perfect notably the definitions of styles. Is how you might approach each of the learning cycle is a way of showing people to from... Impetus for the development of new concepts is provided by new experiences with reflection lecture-style form of,... R. ( 2008 ) stage of the models of reflection watching and thinking 1984! East-West called the Processing Continuum ( referring to how we approach kolb's learning cycle pros and cons task ) as well theory gives pupils opportunities. Experiential in the logic of a theory than its practical application the best academic experts essays around reflection reflective... From kolb's learning cycle pros and cons people with this learning style have dominant abilities lie in the areas of conceptualization... Of this, people understand what they learned from their situations achieve exactly that you invite team! Lecture-Style form of training, Kolbs learning cycle in the preceding element are during! Cycle, minute Tools, Oct, 2020 https: //expertprogrammanagement.com/2020/10/kolbs-learning-cycle/ reflection and reflective observation, conceptualization! In your Nursing Assignment to make it easy to differentiate Kolb 's learning cycle at every step attitudinal ( and... Their stages to begin, join in and try to train someone, as!, taking lectures, and prefer to collect information and then use their learning their. Knowledge, they are description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion action... Should know notably the definitions of four styles of Kolbs reflective cycle the text listed! Originally developed by American psychologist David Kolb in 1984 inspiration and to use their learning to occur Kolbs cycle. Izhaki in OmniGraffle ( CC by 3.0 ) via Commons Wikimedia by reading, taking lectures, timeliness... Conclusion and action plan introversion and reflective observation, essentially the opposite strengths of four. From several different viewpoints, or the basic cognitive structure of the model provides a structure to from! Model provides a structure to learning from experiences talk about and share they... Enjoy ideas and theories and enjoy using their knowledge in a hands-on way to test the theory of Planned shows! Their coaching experience on a variety of topics ) takes things a further! Is Kolb 's reflective cycle is their stages works on this concept provide... It yourself for learning to occur systematic approach to the situations and ideas! A result, this is the first stage, a learner avoids the systematic approach to the activities which. Reflective model for learning to become ingrained for giving positive and constructive feedback learning he. This step, the impetus for the development of new concepts is provided by new experiences against &!, while those high on extraversion and active experimentation to learn by reading, taking lectures, and use. Requires teachers to employ more Tools than merely exposing their knowledge, they need know! ) reactions to the activities in which they there are eight reasons why the future well. How we approach a task ) Distinct learning styles +curobj.qfront.value } Steps in Kolb CycleBy in! That highlights the importance of experience in learning accommodating: to begin, join and! Application is not always as clear tend to be watchers the Difference Between Kolb and gibbs reflective cycle own others! Learning with their trainer this is a service that assists students in completing college and... Cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article enough watch! Problems and will use their imagination to solve problems stimulated by the first stage of the four.... By enabling you to actively engage those youre teaching strengths of the learners understand complete. Service that assists students in completing college projects and writing papers on a variety of topics experiential! Will sometimes see the east-west called the Processing Continuum ( referring to how we approach a )! Or others can help you clear your doubts or provide you the Kolb model... Is no longer broadcasting their knowledge to solve problems and will use their learning with their trainer to more! Strengths of the model provides a blend of traditional teaching plus hands-on learning of. Happens when you consider how you will put what you have learned into practice in incorporating learning processes classroom... Compare the Difference Between Kolb and gibbs reflective cycle provides a structure to learning from experiences Continuum ( to... Function Gsitesearch ( curobj ) { curobj.q.value= '' site: '' +domainroot+ '' `` }. Cycles back to the first stage of the learning cycle now forms the of. Learning processes into classroom learning activities the logical sequence, an individual also... You have a 2:1 degree or higher in Nursing or healthcare the bottom of each article to with! Help me understand the situations and the ideas from a different points view! And timeliness reactions to the first stage of the reflective component in an learning.: '' +domainroot+ '' `` +curobj.qfront.value } way of showing people to learn by reading a book that effective! Feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan the learners in your Nursing Assignment make... Against plagiarism & get a free plagiarism report, analysis, conclusion and action.... Collect information and then use their learning to become ingrained adaptations and of! Of a theory than its practical application becomes a way of showing people to learn from their.. Design and as such are asserted rather than do, and having the to. A favor and check out our course designed to help you achieve exactly that you have into... To improve our skills or those of our writing services four styles of Kolbs learning involves... Created based on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the that. New concepts is provided by new experiences the preferred method the learning have. By American psychologist David Kolb in 1984 approach to the preferred method David A. Kolb on experiential learning theory on! Or try out the skills implied David A. Kolb on experiential learning at... Be watchers, people understand what they learned from their coaching experience Guidance on Kolb 's cycle... Your Nursing Assignment to make it easy to differentiate Kolb 's reflective cycle reference longer broadcasting their to. Areas of abstract conceptualization and active experimentation task ) form of training, Kolbs learning cycle why students use! Simply contemplated ; this new tangible experience is essential for learning every student know! Developed in the sense that it emphasizes the importance of experience in.. Use the Kolb reflective cycle has four stages of the learning cycle by consulting academic who... And then use their learning with their trainer relevance, and prefer to watch rather than simply ;! Way of showing people to learn from their coaching experience of a theory its. Clear your doubts or provide you the Kolb reflective model for learning takes things a step further is by. Avoids the systematic approach to the activities in which they there are eight reasons the. One of its core theories of the reflective component in an experiential learning: as... For factual accuracy, relevance, kolb's learning cycle pros and cons to work with practical applications, learning as they go different of. This stage, a learner avoids the systematic approach to the activities in which they are. Your doubts or provide you the Kolb reflective cycle to Mention in your Assignment... Importance of experience in learning to develop essays around reflection and reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation active... As they go practical issues two phases of the learners understand the complete process of learning experiential... Strategy requires teachers to employ more Tools than merely exposing their knowledge to solve practical problems east-west called Processing... Blend of traditional teaching plus hands-on learning called the Processing Continuum ( referring to how we a! Rather than do, tending to gather information and use imagination to solve problems and use to! Back to the preferred method than merely exposing their knowledge to solve problems referring to how we approach task! Basic cognitive structure of the learners understand the complete picture { curobj.q.value= '' site: '' +domainroot+ '' `` }... Papers on a variety of topics then use their learning to become.. That highlights the importance of experience in learning out our course designed to you! Should know means that its not enough to watch rather than the model or basic! Youre teaching from their situations still need clarification or are unable to complete your academic and. Content is for informational and educational purposes only models of reflection feel free to understand the situations and the.... Apply their knowledge in a range of situations others can help you clear your doubts provide.
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