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People who leave school after eight years generally can find only unskilled jobs. Access to higher education is roughly proportionate to the social and financial situation of an individual's family. Russia's expenditure on education has grown from 2.7% of the GDP in 2005 to 3.8% in 2013, but remains below the OECD average of 5.2%.

Post-Soviet education reform also stressed teaching objectively, thus discarding all forms of the narrow, institutional views that had dominated the previous era and preparing young people to deal with all aspects of the society they would encounter by presenting a broader interpretation of the world. Moreover, such families can afford to hire tutors for their children in preparation for the examinations and can more readily afford to pay university tuition in case the children do not receive stipends. In Russia, the state provides most education services regulating education through the Ministry of Education and Science. A rise in oil prices and oil tax revenues allowed the government to pay teacher salaries and spend more money on education. *

See Separate Article EDUCATION IN THE SOVIET ERA In 1993 some 35.2 million students were enrolled in Russian schools at all levels, including 20.5 million in general primary and secondary schools, 1.8 million in professional and technical schools, 2.1 million in special secondary schools, and 2.6 million in institutions of higher learning. If a kid seemed particularly smart he might be sent to a church school in the largest town. Create an account and send your application to the university for free and without agent. Only the elite, rich had religious had access to education and 80 percent of the population was illiterate. Especially important in this program is the reorientation of vocational training to complement the economic reforms of the 1990s. In the Soviet period, education was highly centralized, and indoctrination in Marxist-Leninist theory was a major element of every school's curriculum. It is sometimes less strictly employed, however—as in this section—to refer to that area from ancient times as well. [Source: CIA World Factbook =] Russia traditionally has had a highly educated population. Of the former category, 48,800 were in rural areas and 21,000 in urban areas.

“Education and Society in the New Russia” , edited by Anthony Jones, includes discussion of education trends as they apply to changes in post-Soviet society. Teachers, always underpaid in the Soviet system, have been impoverished by the Russian system, and many have left the profession since 1992. Teacher salaries were increased by 40 percent and some 35,000 public schools got computers. According to the 2002 census, 99.5 percent of the population above age 10 was literate. Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article. Th… This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. Ranking in math among 8th grade students in 38 countries: 12th. In the early 2000s, many private institutions of higher learning opened. Traditions of Higher Education in Russia

Russia traditionally has had a highly educated population. School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 15 years; male: 14 years; female: 15 years (2012). * Nine years of basic general education are compulsory, from age six until age 15. A decree is passed which allows workers to be admitted to university from the age of 16. [Source: Library of Congress, 1996 *] According to the 2002 census, 99.5 percent of the population above age 10 was literate. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit. The education budget fell drastically in the 1990s, although the Putin administration has restored it somewhat since 2002. After exclusive state operation of the education system in the Soviet era, many private education institutions appeared in the 1990s. Envisioning a program of continuous education lasting throughout the lifetime of an individual, this concept has as its goal converting the education process from an economic burden on the state to an engine of economic progress.

This constitutes 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. It stipulates that "basic general education is compulsory" and that parents or guardians are responsible for ensuring that children obtain schooling. In 1995 the projected budgetary expenditure for education was about 3.6 percent of the total state budget, a level Russian experts agreed could not maintain the system as it was, to say nothing of implementing the changes called for by post-Soviet legislation. [Source: Library of Congress, October 2006 **] The first three years are considered primary, the remaining years secondary. Beginning in the 1990s, the teaching profession has suffered from low pay and loss of qualified individuals, and textbooks, computers, and laboratories have been in short supply. Text Sources: New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Times of London, Lonely Planet Guides, Library of Congress, U.S. government, Compton’s Encyclopedia, The Guardian, National Geographic, Smithsonian magazine, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, AFP, Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic Monthly, The Economist, Foreign Policy, Wikipedia, BBC, CNN, and various books, websites and other publications.

This study presents a history of education in Russia.  Education is split into a …

Ranking in science among 8th grade students in 38 countries.

According to Deputy Prime Minister Viktor Ilyushin, by October 1996 education and culture had received only 65 percent and 30 percent, respectively, of the 1996 budget funds allotted to them. If they did it was limited to two to four years of instruction. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. * The reasons lie not only with the parents' possible influence and connections but increasingly with the better quality of primary and secondary education that has become available to such children, enhancing their ability to pass difficult university entrance examinations.

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