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1989 Feb;68(2):402-11.Pirke KM, Schweiger U, Broocks A et al: Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone secretion patterns in female athletes with and without menstrual disturbances. 2006 Dec;86(6):1744-9. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. The resultant condition frequently is referred to as Psychological or environmental stress has long been reported to produce chronic amenorrhea.The extreme prototype of nutrition-related functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is the anorexia nervosa syndrome, which presents as a classic triad of amenorrhea, weight loss (sometimes to emaciation), and behavioral changes.

2000 Apr;6(4):389-95.Zimmermann RC, Xiao E, Bohlen P et al: Administration of antivascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 antibody in the early follicular phase delays follicular selection and development in the rhesus monkey.

2000;7(1):6-15.Krasnow SM, Steiner RA: Physiological mechanisms integrating metabolism and reproduction. 1997 Nov;82(11):3728-33.Berga SL, Guzick DS, Winters SJ: Increased luteinizing hormone and alpha-subunit secretion in women with hyperandrogenic anovulation. 1980 Mar 21;207(4437):1371-3.Zimmermann RC, Xiao E, Husami N et al: Short-term administration of antivascular endothelial growth factor antibody in the late follicular phase delays follicular development in the rhesus monkey. In: Adashi EY, Rock JA, Rosenwaks Z (eds): Reproductive Endocrinology, Surgery, and Technology.

In women, most of the circulating estrogens derive from estradiol secreted by the ovarian follicle or corpus luteum. [Article in Spanish] 1988 Apr;66(4):885-6.Groome NP, Illingworth PJ, O'Brien M et al: Measurement of dimeric inhibin B throughout the human menstrual cycle. MBH, mediobasal hypothalamus; ME, median eminence.Estradiol-17β is a potent physiologic inhibitor of GnRH and of gonadotropin secretion.In view of these feedback loops, it is not surprising that the characteristics of pulsatile LH secretion vary greatly with the stage of the menstrual cycle (Fig.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Hum Reprod.

These two gonadotropins stimulate folliculogenesis and steroid and peptidergic hormone secretion from the ovaries. 1989 Apr;124(4):1632-7.Xiao EN, Ferin M: The inhibitory action of corticotropin-releasing hormone on gonadotropin secretion in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey is not mediated by adrenocorticotropic hormone. 1991 Apr;128(4):2077-82.Mouri T, Itoi K, Takahashi K et al: Colocalization of corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin in the paraventricular nucleus of the human hypothalamus. Endocrinology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Endocr Rev. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Dec 9;402(6762):656-60.Schneider LF, Warren MP: Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is associated with elevated ghrelin and disordered eating. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 1401, 1996; used by permission of The Endocrine Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. This first phase is dominated by estradiol secretion. Endocrinology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.

1996;51:433-55; discussion 455-6.Goodman AL, Nixon WE, Johnson DK et al: Regulation of folliculogenesis in the cycling rhesus monkey: selection of the dominant follicle. Delayed estradiol increments or insensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to the positive estrogen feedback loop (as may occur during the first pubertal cycles) may delay the LH surge beyond the time that ovulation is possible. Morphologic processes include folliculogenesis (i.e., the cyclic recruitment of a pool of follicles to produce a mature follicle ready for ovulation) and the formation of a corpus luteum.

In several pathologic conditions, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing’s syndrome, and androgen-producing tumors of either adrenal or ovarian origin, estrogen precursor availability is increased, and extraglandular production of estrogen may become excessive.In a few patients, abnormally low gonadotropin secretion has been attributed to an increase in the sensitivity of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator to the estradiol negative feedback loop.During the normal menstrual cycle, the estradiol positive feedback loop ensures the coupling of follicular maturity with the pituitary gonadotropin surge (the stimulus to ovulation). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 4. About 24Shortly after the ovulatory gonadotropin surge, the granulosa cells of the ovulated dominant follicle fold, the basal lamina, which separates the granulosa and theca layers, is disrupted, and capillaries from the theca interna invade the granulosa layer (which until now had been avascular) to form such an extensive capillary network that each steroidogenic cell is now close to microvascular elements.

Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).

1976 Jul;99(1):243-8.Moenter SM, Brand RC, Karsch FJ: Dynamics of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion during the GnRH surge: insights into the mechanism of GnRH surge induction. In: Adashi EY, Rock JA, Rosenwaks Z (eds): Reproductive Endocrinology, Surgery, and Technology. New key steroidogenic enzymes are activated so that the hallmark of the human corpus luteum is its secretion of both progesterone and estradiol (see Fig. It may include a range of changes from 'qualitative' changes in the cycle, such as in the inadequate luteal phase syndrome, to a cessation of cyclic activity, such as in amenorrhea.A properly active GnRH pulse generator is essential for normal gonadotropin release and for a normal ovulatory menstrual cycle to occur. New York.

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